J Clin Gastroenterol. 2025 Feb 1;59(2):155-160. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000001995.

Manu V Venkat ¹, Ling Chen ², Jason D Wright ², Benjamin Lebwohl ³

Author information

¹Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, New York University Langone Health NY.

²Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center.

³Department of Medicine, Celiac Disease Center Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia.

Abstract

Objective: To characterize the frequency and predictors of follow-up endoscopic biopsy in patients with celiac disease.

Background: The utility of routine follow-up biopsy in patients after a diagnosis of celiac disease is uncertain, especially in patients whose symptoms resolve on the gluten-free diet.

Patients and methods: Using the Merative MarketScan U.S. commercial insurance and Medicare databases, we identified 30,737 patients with biopsy-diagnosed celiac disease. We followed them until they had a second duodenal biopsy (our primary outcome) or insurance coverage ended.

Results: Among the patients with celiac disease we identified, 5976 (19.4%) underwent a follow-up biopsy. The median time between initial and follow-up biopsies was 16.8 months. Compared with younger patients, those aged 20 years or older had an increased likelihood of undergoing a follow-up biopsy (cumulative incidence rate at 5 y for patients age ≥20 y was 36.0%, 95% CI: 35.0%-37.1% vs 21.9%, 95% CI: 20.5%-23.4% in patients age ≤19 y). Follow-up biopsies occurred less frequently in more recent calendar years. Follow-up biopsy was more common among patients with an Elixhauser Comorbidity Index of 1 (hazard ratio: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.01-1.17) or ≥2 (hazard ratio: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.20-1.37) compared with patients with an index of zero. Among patients who had a follow-up biopsy, 57% had a celiac disease-related symptom recorded in the 30 days before the procedure.

Conclusions: Follow-up duodenal biopsy is performed in a substantial minority of U.S. patients with celiac disease. Adult age and increased comorbidity burden were associated with a greater likelihood of follow-up biopsy. Just under half of follow-up biopsies are performed for routine surveillance, in the absence of persistent symptoms.