Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2024 Apr 8:e14791. doi: 10.1111/nmo.14791. Online ahead of print.

Alexander O'Connor ^1 2, Donghua Liao ³, Asbjørn Mohr Drewes ^3 4, Abhiram Sharma ^1 2, Dipesh H Vasant ^2 5, John McLaughlin ^2 6, Edward Kiff ¹, Karen Telford ^1 2

Author information

¹Department of General Surgery, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.

²Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK.

³Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.

⁴Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.

⁵Neurogastroenterology Unit, Gastroenterology, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.

⁶Department of Gastroenterology, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.

Abstract

Background: The functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) is a test of anal sphincter distensibility under evaluation by specialist centers. Two measurement protocols termed "stepwise" and "ramp" are used, risking a lack of standardization. This study aims to compare the performance of these protocols to establish if there are differences between them.

Methods: Patients with fecal incontinence were recruited and underwent measurement with both protocols at a tertiary pelvic floor referral unit. Differences in minimum diameter, FLIP bag pressure, and distensibility index (DI) at rest and during squeeze were calculated at various FLIP bag volumes.

Key results: Twenty patients (19 female, mean age 61 [range: 38-78]) were included. The resting minimum diameter at 30 and 40 mL bag volumes were less in the stepwise protocol (mean bias: -0.55 mm and -1.18 mm, p < 0.05) along with the DI at the same bag volumes (mean bias: -0.37 mm²/mmHg and -0.55 mm²/mmHg, p < 0.05). There was also a trend towards greater bag pressures at 30 mL (mean bias: +2.08 mmHg, p = 0.114) and 40 mL (mean bias: +2.81 mmHg, p = 0.129) volumes in the stepwise protocol. There were no differences between protocols in measurements of minimum diameter, maximum bag pressure, or DI during voluntary squeeze (p > 0.05).

Conclusion and inferences: There are differences between the two commonly described FLIP measurement protocols at rest, although there are no differences in the assessment of squeeze function. Consensus agreement is required to agree the most appropriate FLIP measurement protocol in assessing anal sphincter function.