Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2022 Nov;159(2):435-443. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.14132. Epub 2022 Mar 5.

Amerigo Ferrari ¹, Manila Bonciani ¹, Eleonora Russo ², Paolo Mannella ², Tommaso Simoncini ², Milena Vainieri ¹

Author information

¹Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Institute of Management, MeS (Management and Health) Laboratory, Pisa, Italy.

²Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

Abstract

Objective: To investigate prevalence and risk factors of pregnancy-related urinary/fecal incontinence (UI/FI) in a large Italian population.

Methods: This is a prospective cohort study analyzing patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures obtained from the systematic longitudinal survey on the maternity pathway of Tuscany from March 2019 to April 2021. Four questionnaires were completed by 6023 women from the beginning of pregnancy until 6 months postpartum, each including two PRO measures-Wexner scale for FI and ICIQ-SF for UI-, and questions investigating sociodemographic/clinical factors. After assessing UI/FI prevalence at each time-point, we run panel regressions to explore the related risk factors.

Results: Women reporting UI and FI were, respectively, 24.3% and 6.2% in the third trimester, and 12.6% and 4.2% 6 months postpartum. UI occurrence and severity were higher in highly educated, aged >30, and overweight/obese women. Spontaneous tears or episiotomy were risk factors for postpartum UI, while receiving cesarean-section and performing pelvic-floor-muscle-training during pregnancy were protective, mainly in specific groups. Finally, higher FI prevalence and severity emerged in overweight, aged >40, highly educated, non-Italian women and in those undergoing tears.

Conclusion: We employed PRO measures to investigate the epidemiology of pregnancy-related UI/FI and detect the main risk groups. Pelvic-floor-muscle-training may be recommended in women with peculiar sociodemographic/clinical features.